The aim of this work was to compare the performances of the L'vov and integrated platforms in order to overcome the interferences found on lead determination in zidovudine by ET AAS. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures found with integrated platform were 700 and 1400°C, respectively. The characteristic masses were 12.7 ± 1.2 pg with integrated platform and 11.1 ± 1.3 pg with grooved platform. The ratio between the slopes of zidovudine and aqueous curves shows a decrease in the interferences when the L'vov platform is used (bAZT/b aq = 0.97 ± 0.10) and the detection limit found was 0.03 µg.g-1. That ratio was 0.85 ± 0.07 with the integrated platform.

A produção de baterias chumbo-ácidas representa um dos segmentos industriais de maior consumo de chumbo, estando os trabalhadores expostos a riscos elevados. Neste trabalho são discutidos os resultados obtidos na avaliação da exposição ao chumbo de trabalhadores de uma fábrica de baterias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, de acordo com as normas vigentes da legislação brasileira e com dados científicos atualizados. Os métodos empregados neste estudo foram a amostragem de ar-pessoal e a determinação de chumbo em sangue Pb-S). De acordo com a observação do processo de trabalho, das concentrações de chumbo no ar (todos acima de 0,1 mg/m³) e do grande percentual de trabalhadores contaminados (55% com Pb-S acima de 25 µg/dl), foi possível confirmar a ineficácia das práticas de controle usualmente adotadas. Isto permite a manuntenção de 46% dos trabalhadores, apresentando níveis de Pb-S na faixa de 25-60 µg/dl, nas áreas de maior risco. Dados científicos atuais mostram que nessa faixa de concentração já ocorrem alterações subclínicas importantes, que devem ser investigadas nos exames médicos. Propõe-se, finalmente, uma estratégia de monitoramento ambiental e biológica para prevenir, inclusive, os efeitos subclínicos.

In developing countries, lead-acid battery factories are one of the heaviest consumers of lead. Due to lead's toxicological properties and prevalent working conditions in such factories, workers are subject to high exposure and health risk. This study discusses results obtained by lead exposure assessment of workers from a Rio de Janeiro battery factory, in light of Brazilian legislation and recent scientific data. Evaluation methods used were environmental (personal air sampling) and biological (determination of lead in blood, Pb-B) monitoring, showing a high personal exposure both in air (>0.1 mg/m³) and blood (55% of Pb-B >25µg/dl). These results confirmed the inefficiency of current control measures, with a possible 46% of workers presenting a Pb-B range of 25-60 µg/dl in risk areas. Recent data suggest that Pb-B levels above 25 µg/dl are related to subclinical alterations in human body that should be investigated during clinical examination. Finally, we propose a strategy based on environmental and biological monitoring to prevent both clinical and subclinical effects.

A produção de baterias chumbo-ácidas representa um dos segmentos industriais de maior consumo de chumbo, estando os trabalhadores expostos a riscos elevados. Neste trabalho são discutidos os resultados obtidos na avaliação da exposição ao chumbo de trabalhadores de uma fábrica de baterias da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, de acordo com as normas vigentes da legislação brasileira e com dados científicos atualizados. Os métodos empregados neste estudo foram a amostragem de ar-pessoal e a determinação de chumbo em sangue Pb-S). De acordo com a observação do processo de trabalho, das concentrações de chumbo no ar (todos acima de 0,1 mg/m³) e do grande percentual de trabalhadores contaminados (55% com Pb-S acima de 25 µg/dl), foi possível confirmar a ineficácia das práticas de controle usualmente adotadas. Isto permite a manuntenção de 46% dos trabalhadores, apresentando níveis de Pb-S na faixa de 25-60 µg/dl, nas áreas de maior risco. Dados científicos atuais mostram que nessa faixa de concentração já ocorrem alterações subclínicas importantes, que devem ser investigadas nos exames médicos. Propõe-se, finalmente, uma estratégia de monitoramento ambiental e biológica para prevenir, inclusive, os efeitos subclínicos.

In developing countries, lead-acid battery factories are one of the heaviest consumers of lead. Due to lead's toxicological properties and prevalent working conditions in such factories, workers are subject to high exposure and health risk. This study discusses results obtained by lead exposure assessment of workers from a Rio de Janeiro battery factory, in light of Brazilian legislation and recent scientific data. Evaluation methods used were environmental (personal air sampling) and biological (determination of lead in blood, Pb-B) monitoring, showing a high personal exposure both in air (>0.1 mg/m³) and blood (55% of Pb-B >25µg/dl). These results confirmed the inefficiency of current control measures, with a possible 46% of workers presenting a Pb-B range of 25-60 µg/dl in risk areas. Recent data suggest that Pb-B levels above 25 µg/dl are related to subclinical alterations in human body that should be investigated during clinical examination. Finally, we propose a strategy based on environmental and biological monitoring to prevent both clinical and subclinical effects.

Mercury kept in a garage of a residencial building in Rio de Janeiro was accidentally released and caused local (environmental and human) contamination. The concentration of mercury in indoor air of the most critical site reached 15.5 mg/m³. Outdoor air samples showed concentrations ranging from 0.37 to 6.6 mg/m³ . Seventy five per cent of the urine samples collected from 22 residents in the contaminated building showed levels of mercury higher than those observed in non exposed individuals (>6.9 mg/L); in 30% of these samples, the concentration was higher than 20 mg/L. These values show a high level of human contamination and the final consequences were not so serious owing to the quick action taken by one of the residents.